Preeclampsia de presentación grave asociada a hígado graso agudo del embarazo / Severe preeclampsia associated with acute fatty liver of pregnancy / Pré-eclâmpsia grave associada a fígado gorduroso agudo da gravidez

La preeclampsia se puede asociar a una patología poco frecuente como es el hígado graso agudo del embarazo. Se reporta el caso clínico de una paciente de 35 años, tercigesta, cursando embarazo gemelar que presenta preeclampsia con elementos de gravedad, asociada a hígado graso agudo del embarazo. Se realiza diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz de ambas patologías, presentando buena evolución materno-fetal.

Preeclampsia can be associated with acute fatty liver of pregnancy, a rare disease. This report describes the case of a 35-year-old patient, gravida 3, pregnant with twins, who presented with severe pre-eclampsia associated with acute fatty liver of pregnancy. Early diagnosis and treatment of both pathologies was performed, resulting in good maternal-fetal evolution.

A pré-eclâmpsia pode estar associada a uma patologia rara, como o fígado gorduroso agudo da gravidez. Neste relato, apresentamos uma paciente de 35 anos, terciária, em gestação gemelar, apresentando pré-eclâmpsia grave, associada a esteatose hepática aguda na gestação. É realizado diagnóstico e tratamento precoces de ambas as patologias, apresentando boa evolução materno-fetal.

Hígado agudo graso del embarazo: reporte de caso / Acute fatty liver of pregnancy: case report

El hígado graso del embarazo es una patología poco frecuente en la especialidad obstétrica, cuyo diagnóstico se realiza basado en los criterios de Swansea, muchas veces es un diagnóstico que se realiza por exclusión; usualmente se presenta entre las semanas 30 y 35 del embarazo, y la cura definitiva se realiza con la interrupción expedita del mismo; con una tasa de recuperación casi del 100% si se realiza la interrupción oportuna y una tasa de mortalidad materno fetal actual del 10%. Es importante estar atentos a la ganancia ponderal de la embarazada durante el control prenatal, la epigastralgia, y los signos clínicos asociados a hipoglicemia(AU)

Fatty liver of pregnancy is a rare pathology in obstetrics, whose diagnosis is made based on the Swansea criteria, many times it is a diagnosis that is made by exclusion; It usually occurs between weeks 30 and 35, and the definitive cure is carried out with the expeditious interruption of pregnancy; with a recovery rate of almost 100% if timely interruption is made and a current maternal-fetal mortality rate of 10%. It is important to be attentive to the weight gain of the pregnant woman during prenatal control, epigastric pain, and clinical signs associated with hypoglycemia

Hígado graso agudo del embarazo en una gestante peruana: a propósito de un caso / Acute fatty liver of pregnancy in a Peruvian pregnant woman: a case report

RESUMEN El hígado graso agudo del embarazo es una rara enfermedad de la gestación que se presenta con mayor preponderancia durante el tercer trimestre. Su etiología es desconocida, pero se evidencia un depósito micro vesicular de grasa a nivel del hepatocito. Tiene una mortalidad materno-fetal hasta un 20% debido a que el único tratamiento es terminar la gestación. Se reporta el caso de una gestante de 28 años de edad, con 36 semanas de embarazo, que acude con cuadro clínico de dolor abdominal asociado a malestar general, náuseas y vómitos. Los exámenes de laboratorio mostraron alteración del perfil hepático, falla renal y coagulopatía. La ecografía abdominal mostró infiltración hepática grasa. Se brindó manejo de soporte y regulación de trastornos hemodinámicos. El manejo final fue intervención de cesárea por emergencia debido a complicación de óbito fetal. La paciente fue dada de alta con mejoría de cuadro clínico y de las alteraciones de laboratorio.

ABSTRACT Acute fatty liver of pregnancy is a rare disease of pregnancy that occurs with greater preponderance during the third trimester. Its etiology is unknown, but there is evidence of a micro vesicular fat deposit in the hepatocyte. It has a maternal-fetal mortality up to 20% because the only treatment is to end gestation. We present a case of a 28-year-old pregnant woman, with 36 weeks of pregnancy, who had abdominal pain associated with general malaise, nausea and vomiting. Laboratory tests showed liver profile alteration, renal failure and coagulopathy. Abdominal ultrasound showed fatty liver infiltration. Support management and correction of hemodynamic disorders were provided. The final management was emergency caesarean section to avoid fetal death as a dreaded complication. The patient was discharged with improvement of clinical symptoms and laboratory alterations.

Correlação de indicadores antropométricos de obesidade e prevalência de esteatose hepática não alcoólica diagnosticada por ultrassonografia / Correlation of anthropometric indicators of obesity and prevalence of non-alcoholic hepatic steatosis diagnosed through ultrasonography

OBJETIVO: Correlacionar os índices antropométricos, índice de massa corporal, circunferência da cintura e relação cintura/ quadril com a presença ou não de esteatose hepática diagnosticada pela ultrassonografia. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo descritivo, prospectivo, com abordagem analítica quantitativa, realizado após a aprovação do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa com Seres Humanos. A amostra contou com 166 pacientes, de ambos os sexos, de 18 a 80 anos de idade. Os pacientes foram diagnosticados como portadores ou não de esteatose hepática na ultrassonografia, e foram analisados os fatores antropométricos citados. Os dados foram analisados por meio do software IBM Stastical Package for Social Science, versão 22.0, para Windows, e o nível de significância utilizado foi p<0,05. A análise das variáveis categóricas foi realizada aplicando-se o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson ou teste exato de Fisher. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 166 pacientes pela ultrassonografia e, destes, 39,1% apresentaram esteatose hepática. A presença ou não de esteatose foi correlacionada com os índices antropométricos, e foi obtido resultado estatisticamente significativo para todos estes índices (p<0,0001). A correlação com a gravidade da doença apresentou resultado significativo apenas para a relação cintura/quadril (p=0,0214) e para a circunferência da cintura (p=0,004). CONCLUSÃO: Houve correlação estatística estatisticamente significativa dos índices antropométricos com a presença ou não de esteatose hepática; circunferência da cintura e relação cintura/quadril foram os índices estatisticamente significativos para graus mais avançados, o que mostra a importância da obesidade abdominal na patogênese da doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica.(AU)

OBJECTIVE: To correlate the anthropometric indexes body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and waist/hip ratio with the presence or absence of hepatic steatosis diagnosed with ultrasonography. METHODS: This is a descriptive, prospective study with a quantitative analytical approach, carried out after approval by the Human Research Ethics Committee. The sample consisted of 166 patients, of both genders, from 18 to 80 years of age. Patients were diagnosed, through ultrasonography, as having or not having hepatic steatosis and the above-mentioned anthropometric indexes were analyzed. Data was analyzed using the IBM Statistical Package for Social Science® 22.0 software for Windows, and the level of significance used was p<0.05. The analysis of the categorical variables was carried out with the application of either Pearson's chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Of the 166 patients evaluated with ultrasonography, 39.1% had hepatic steatosis. The presence or absence of steatosis was correlated with the anthropometric indexes and all of those correlations obtained a statistically significant result (p<0.0001). The correlation with disease severity presented a significant result only for the waist/hip ratio (p=0.0214) and waist circumference (p=0.004). CONCLUSION: There was a statistically significant correlation between the anthropometric indices and the presence or absence of hepatic steatosis, where the waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio were statistically significant indexes for more advanced degrees of the disease, showing the importance of abdominal obesity in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.(AU)

Thrombocytopenia as a marker of liver steatosis in a low-endemic area for schistosomiasis mansoni / Trombocitopenia como marcador de esteatose hepática em áreas de baixa endemicidade de esquistossomose mansoni

Summary Introduction: Thrombocytopenia is commonly found in patients living in highly endemic areas for Schistosoma mansoni. Recently, different degrees of liver steatosis have also been associated with low platelet counts worldwide. We investigated the association of platelet counts with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and with liver steatosis in an area of low prevalence of schistosomiasis in Brazil. Method: Pains, a city in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, had a population of 8,307 inhabitants and a schistosomiasis prevalence of 8%. Four micro-areas comprising 1,045 inhabitants were selected for this study. Blood sample was collected and a complete blood count (CBC) was performed. Eighty-seven (87) patients had low platelet counts (group 1 - 8.3%) and 94 volunteers presenting normal CBC were randomized (group 2 - 8.9%). They underwent clinical and ultrasound examinations. Liver steatosis was determined as either present or absent using abdominal ultrasound. A spleen > 12 cm in length, measured by ultrasound (US), was considered to be increased. Data collected were analyzed using SPSS software version 19.0. Results: Twenty-two patients (22/25.3%) in group 1 had liver steatosis compared with 11 volunteers (11.7%) in group 2 (p=0.02). Hepatosplenic schistosomiasis was diagnosed in two patients (p>0.05). Conclusion: Thrombocytopenia was not a good marker of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni in a low prevalence area in Brazil. Liver steatosis was associated with thrombocytopenia in our study.

Resumo Introdução: Trombocitopenia é um achado comum em pacientes que residem em áreas com alta endemicidade de esquistossomose mansônica. Recentemente, diferentes graus de esteatose hepática também têm sido associados a níveis baixos de plaquetas em todo o mundo. Investigamos a associação de níveis séricos de plaquetas com a forma grave da esquistossomose e com esteatose hepática em área de baixa prevalência de esquistossomose no Brasil. Método: Pains, cidade localizada no estado de Minas Gerais/Brasil, tem população de 8.307 habitantes e prevalência de esquistossomose de 8%. Em quatro microáreas dessa região, 1.045 habitantes foram avaliados para o estudo. Amostra de sangue foi coletada para realização do hemograma. Oitenta e sete (87) pessoas com níveis baixos de plaquetas formaram o grupo 1 (8,3%), e 94 voluntários com hemograma normal foram randomizados para compor o grupo 2 (8,9%). Todos os participantes dos grupos 1 e 2 foram submetidos a exame clínico e ultrassonografia (US) abdominal. Esteatose hepática foi caracterizada como presente ou ausente pela ultrassonografia (US) abdominal. Baços com mais de 12 cm de comprimento à US foram considerados aumentados. Os dados coletados foram analisados pelo programa de estatística SPSS 19.0. Resultados: Vinte e dois (22) indivíduos do grupo 1 (25,3%) e 11 do grupo 2 apresentaram esteatose hepática (11,7%) (p=0,02). Esquistossomose hepatoesplênica foi diagnosticada em dois pacientes (p>0,05). Conclusão: Trombocitopenia não foi um bom marcador de esquistossomose mansônica hepatoesplênica em área de baixa prevalência da esquistossomose no Brasil. Esteatose hepática foi associada com trombocitopenia no presente estudo.

Diagnóstico de esteatosis hepática por métodos clínicos, bioquímicos y por imágenes / Diagnosis of hepatic steatosis using clinical, biochemical and imaging methods

La enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica comprende un espectro de afecciones hepáticas que va desde la simple esteatosis a la esteatohepatitis, fibrosis y hasta cirrosis. Su prevalencia aumenta con la edad, la obesidad y está fuertemente asociada con la presencia de síndrome metabólico y aumento de la mortalidad cardiovascular y por enfermedades malignas. Se produce por una acumulación de triglicéridos en los hepatocitos relacionada con insulinorresistencia hepática y muscular. Su presencia se asocia con aumento de transaminasa glutámico-oxaloacética o glutamico-pirúvica, aunque esta última puede no estar elevada en la enfermedad avanzada. Existen 5 índices utilizados para el diagnóstico de esteatosis hepática: SteatoTest, fatty liver index, NAFLD liver fat score, lipid acumulation product y hepatic steatosis index, mientras que para esteatohepatitis contamos con el NASH test, NASH diagnostics, NASH score y HAIR (Hypertention, increased ALT and IR o Insulin resistence). En estadios de fibrosis el índice transaminasa glutamicooxáloacetica-glutamicopiruvica aumenta, así como la ferritina en sangre y el valor del NAFLD fibrosis score, siendo de alta especificidad para el diagnóstico. La ecografía abdominal tiene una gran disponibilidad, pero su sensibilidad diagnóstica es menor cuando existen grados leves de infiltración grasa hepática. La tomografía computada tiene una especificidad del 100% cuando el contenido graso es mayor al 30% pero la radiación emitida no permite un uso frecuente. La resonancia magnética con espectroscopia constituye el método de elección para la detección y cuantificación de contenido de grasa hepática. La biopsia hepática es un método invasivo que permite una clasificación pronóstica adecuada de la enfermedad, pero por sus complicaciones solo debe realizarse en pacientes seleccionados: aquellos con riesgo elevado de esteatohepatitis o riesgo de fibrosis por laboratorio o clínica, o con otras enfermedades hepáticas coexistentes. La identificación temprana de enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica permite la implementación de medidas tempranas para disminuir la morbimortalidad asociada a esta condición.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a spectrum of liver diseases ranging from steatosis to steatohepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis. Its prevalence increases with age and with obesity, and is strongly associated with the presence of metabolic syndrome and increased cardiovascular and malignant diseases. It is caused by an accumulation of triglycerides in liver hepatocytes and muscles, and related to insulin resistance. Its presence is associated with the increase of alanine aminotransferase (alt), although it may not be elevated in advanced disease. There are 5 indexes used for the diagnosis of hepatic steatosis: SteatoTest, fatty liver index, NAFLD liver fat score, lipid accumulation product and hepatic steatosis index, whereas for esteatohepatitis the NASH test, NASH diagnostics, as well as the non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) score and HAIR (hypertension, ALT, and insulin resistance). In stages of fibrosis AST-ALT index increases as well as ferritin in blood and the NAFLD fibrosis score, which has a high specificity for diagnosis. Abdominal ultrasound is widely available, but its diagnostic sensitivity is lower when there are mild degrees of hepatic fatty infiltration. Computed tomography has a specificity of 100% when fat content is greater than 30%, but the radiation emitted prevents frequent use. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy is the method of choice for the detection and quantification of liver fat content. Liver biopsy is an invasive method that enables appropriate prognostic classification of the disease, but has some complications, and should only be performed in selected individuals: high risk of steatohepatitis or fibrosis risk of laboratory or clinical or other co-existing liver disease. Early identification of NAFLD allows early measures to be implemented in order to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with this condition.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases: update on the challenge of diagnosis and treatment

The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is estimated to be 25-30% of the population, and is the most common cause of elevated liver enzymes in Korea. NAFLD is a "hot potato" for pharmaceutical companies. Many clinical trials are underway to develop a first-in-class drug to treat NAFLD. However, there are several challenging issues regarding the diagnosis of NAFLD. Currently, liver biopsy is the gold standard method for the diagnosis of NAFLD and steatohepatitis. Ideally, globally recognized standards for histological diagnosis and methods to optimize observer agreement on biopsy interpretation should be developed. Liver biopsy is the best method rather than a perfect one. Recently, multi-parametric magnetic resonance imagery can estimate the amount of intrahepatic fat successfully and is widely used in clinical trials. But no diagnostic method can discriminate between steatohepatitis and simple steatosis. The other unresolved issue in regard to NAFLD is the absence of satisfactory treatment options. Vitamin E and obeticholic acid have shown protective effects in randomized controlled trials, but this drug has not been approved for use in Korea. This study will provide a description of diagnostic methods and treatments that are currently recommended for NAFLD.

Enfermedad de hígado graso no alcohólico: Un problema silente en la salud Costarricense / Non alcoholic fatty liver disease: A silent problem in Costa Rican health

La enfermedad de hígado graso no alcohólico es una condición que engloba el espectro de esteatosis hepática no alcohólica simple y esteatohepatitis no alcohólica. Esta entidad afecta de un 20 a 30% de la población adulta general en sociedades occidentales. Asimismo suele estar asociada a obesidad, síndrome metabólico, diabetes, entre otras patologías cada vez más frecuentes a nivel mundial. Recientemente se reporta una prevalencia alarmante de 72% en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 en Costa Rica, los cuales representan un aproximado 10,5% de los costarricenses. Su alta prevalencia, clínica silente, asociación importante a riesgo cardiovascular y de complicaciones hepáticas serias, convierten esta entidad en un tema de suma relevancia para la salud pública...

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a condition that encompasses the spectrum of simple hepatic steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. This condition affects 20 to 30% of the general adult population in Western societies. Is often associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes among other frequent diseases nowadays. Recently it has been reported an alarming prevalence of 72% diabetic type 2 patients in Costa Rica, which are approximately 10,5% of the population in the country. Its high prevalence, silent clinical manifestations, important cardiovascular risk and serious liver complications association, turn this entity on a topic of great relevance to public health...

Focal Fatty Sparing of the Liver / 대한소화기학회지

No abstract available.

Hígado graso no alcohólico en pediatría / Pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver

La obesidad es un síndrome o trastorno nutricional multifactorial complejo con causas genéticas, conductuales y ambientales, es la forma más común de malnutrición en los países desarrollados y en muchos en vías de desarrollo. El HGNA se define como una entidad anátomo-patológica con la acumulación macrovesicular de grasa (triglicéridos) superior al 5 por ciento de los hepatocitos. El espectro de esta enfermedad incluye la esteatosis simple, la esteatohepatitis no alcohólica, que puede acompañarse de varios grados de fibrosis, y en su etapa final la cirrosis. El objetivo de esta revisión resumir en forma monográfica los aspectos más esenciales de esta afección en pediatría para el uso de cualquier especialista médico...

Obesity is a complex multifactor nutritional syndrome or disease with genetic, behavioral and environmental causes, and it is also the most common form of malnutrition in developed and in many developing countries. The NAFL is defined as an anatomical-pathological disease showing over 5 percent macrovesicular accumulation of adiposity (triglycerides) in hepatocytes. The spectrum of this disease includes simple steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis that may be accompanied by several levels of fibrosis, and finally cirrhosis in the final stage. The objective of this review was to summarize in a monographic way the most essential aspects of this disease at pediatric ages so that this information may be used by any medical expert...

Serum uric acid levels and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Uyghur and Han ethnic groups in northwestern China / Concentração sérica de ácido úrico e doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica em grupos étnicos Uyghur e Han no nordeste da China

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare serum uric acid values in two ethnically distinct Chinese populations: Uyghur, with a high prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and Han, with a lower prevalence. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Serum uric acid and several clinical features and laboratory tests relevant to the metabolic syndrome were measured in 4,157 Uyghur and 6,448 Han subjects in a health examination program. The diagnosis of hepatic steatosis was established by abdominal ultrasound examination. RESULTS: The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease was 42.3% and 33.3% among Uyghur and Han subjects, respectively. The corresponding prevalence of hyperuricemia was 8.8% and 14.7%. The mean concentration of serum uric acid in Uyghurs also was lower than in Hans (282.75 vs. 310.79 µmol/L; p < 0.01). However, in both populations, the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease was increased in association with increasing serum uric acid concentrations, a trend that was more pronounced in Uyghur than in Han subjects (OR 3.279 and 3.230, respectively). Several components of the metabolic syndrome were more pronounced in Uyghurs than in Hans. CONCLUSIONS: Serum uric acid is an independent risk factor in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in both Uyghurs and Hans, but other risk factors may be more important in the differences in prevalence of the disease between the two ethnic groups.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os valores de ácido úrico em duas populações chinesas etnicamente diferentes: Uyghur, com alta prevalência de doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica, e Han, com prevalência mais baixa. SUJEITOS E MÉTODOS: A concentração sérica de ácido úrico e várias características clínicas e testes laboratoriais relevantes para a síndrome metabólica foram determinados em 4.157 indivíduos Uyghur e 6.448 indivíduos Han submetidos a um programa de checkups. O diagnóstico de esteatose hepática foi estabelecido por ultrassom abdominal. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica foi de 42,3% e 33,3% entre os indivíduos Uyghur e Han, respectivamente. A prevalência correspondente de hiperuricemia foi de 8,8% e 14,7%. A concentração sérica média de ácido úrico em Uyghurs também foi mais baixa do que em Hans (282,75 contra 310,79 µmol/L; p < 0,01). Entretanto, em ambas as populações, a prevalência de doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica aumentou com a elevação da concentração sérica de ácido úrico, uma tendência mais pronunciada em Uyghurs do que em Hans (OR 3,279 e 3,230, respectivamente). Vários componentes da síndrome metabólica são mais pronunciados em Uyghurs do que em Hans. CONCLUSÕES: A concentração sérica de ácido úrico é um fator de risco independente para a doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica tanto em Uyghurs quando em Hans, mas outros fatores de risco podem ser mais importantes nas diferenças na prevalência da doença entre esses dois grupos étnicos.

Elevación de aminotransferasas y su relación con esteatosis hepática en pacientes obesos / Aminotransferases elevation and its relationship with hepatic steatosis in obese patients

NAFLD es la principal causa de enfermedad crónica del hígado siendo la causa más frecuente de alteración de aminotransferasas, en hasta un 66 a 90%. Determinar la elevación de aminotransferasas y su relación con esteatosis hepática en pacientes obesos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo y transversal; el muestreo empleado fue intencional, no probabilístico desde Enero-Abril 2012. Se incluyeron 45 individuos obesos con edades entre 18 a 70 años, a los cuales se les practicó ultrasonido abdominal y química sanguínea. De los 45 pacientes incluidos el 73.3% (n=33) fueron del sexo femenino, con una edad promedio fue 47 ± 14 años; el IMC promedio fue 33,4 ± 5,5, la concentración media de AST fue 41 ± 15 UI/mL y de ALT fue 34 ± 14 UI/mL. La media de la concentración de colesterol total fue de 201 ± 39 mg y triglicéridos 171 ± 82 mg. Los pacientes con esteatosis hepática presentaron elevación de AST con respecto a los pacientes sin esteatosis, (p = 0,071); ALT se elevó más en pacientes con esteatosis que en los pacientes sin esteatosis, (p = 0,004), pudiendo inferir que la esteatosis hepática influye en su elevación. En cuanto al colesterol total y triglicéridos, no se encontró relación; aunque, el colesterol total estuvo más elevado en el grupo de pacientes con esteatosis que en los pacientes sin esteatosis. Se halló asociación entre los grados de obesidad y la presencia de esteatosis hepática (p = 0,001)

NAFLD is the leading cause of chronic liver disease being the most common cause of altered transaminases in up to 66 to 90%. Determine the elevation of aminotransferases and its relationship to hepatic steatosis in obese. We performed a descriptive, prospective and transversal study; the sample used was intentional, non-probability from January to April 2012. We included 45 obese persons aged 18 to 70 years old; we performed to all an abdominal ultrasound and blood chemistry. Of the 45 patients included 73.3% (n = 33) were female, mean age was 47 ± 14 years, mean BMI was 33.4 ± 5.5, the mean concentration of SAST was 41 ± 15 IU/mL and SALT was 34 ± 14 IU/mL. The mean total cholesterol concentration was 201 ± 39 mg and triglycerides 171 ± 82 mg. Patients with hepatic steatosis had elevation of AST compared to patients without steatosis, (p = 0.071), the value of ALT was higher in patients with steatosis than in patients without steatosis, (p = 0.004), we can infer that hepatic steatosis influences their elevation. As for total cholesterol and triglycerides, no relationship was found, although total cholesterol was higher in the group of patients with steatosis than in patients without steatosis. Association was found between the degree of obesity and the presence of hepatic steatosis (p = 0.001)

Association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and coronary artery disease / Associação entre doença hepática gordurosa não-alcoólica e doença arterial coronariana

OBJECTIVE: Although some investigations have shown a relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cardiovascular diseases, there are few studies analyzing the relationship between NAFLD and coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of this article was to review the relationship between NAFLD and CAD and the methods of diagnosis used to assess such relationship. METHODS: A review was performed using search engines of indexed scientific material, including MEDLINE (by PubMed), Web of Science, IBECS, and LILACS, to identify articles published in Portuguese, English, and Spanish until August, 2012. The studies were eligible if they included the following data: place and year of publication, prevalence and methods used to diagnose NAFLD (ultrasound, computed tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance, or biopsy) and CAD (coronary angiography, or computed tomography), and the exclusion of patients due to alcohol consumption greater than 20 g/day. RESULTS: Ten articles were selected, most of which were cross-sectional studies. The studies mostly observed the association between NAFLD and the presence and severity of CAD. CONCLUSION: The analysis of the review showed that evaluating the existence of NAFLD in patients with CAD from its subclinical form up to the symptomatic clinical form is important due to the higher risk of acute myocardial infarction and consequent increase of mortality.

OBJETIVO: Embora algumas investigações demonstrem uma associação entre a doença hepática gordurosa não-alcoólica (DHGNA) e doenças cardiovasculares, existem poucos estudos analisando a relação entre DHGNA e doença arterial coronariana (DAC). O objetivo deste artigo foi realizar uma revisão sobre a associação entre DHGNA e CAD e os métodos diagnósticos usados para avaliar esta associação. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura utilizando métodos de busca de material científico indexado, incluindo MEDLINE (através do PubMed), Web of Science, IBECS e LILACS, para identificar artigos publicados em português, inglês e espanhol até agosto de 2012. Os estudos eram elegíveis se incluíam os seguintes dados: local e ano de publicação, prevalência e os métodos utilizados para o diagnóstico da DHGNA (ultrassonografia, tomografia computadorizada, ressonância nuclear magnética ou biópsia) e DAC (angiografia coronária ou tomografia computadorizada),e a exclusão de pacientes com consumo de álcool maior do que 20 g/dia. RESULTADOS: Dez artigos foram selecionados, predominando os estudos de corte transversal. Na maioria dos estudos foi observada a associação entre DHGNAeapresença e gravidade da DAC. CONCLUSÃO: A análise da revisão mostra que é importante avaliar a existência de DHGNA em pacientes com DAC desde sua forma subclínica até a forma clínica sintomática, devido ao maior risco de infarto agudo do miocárdio e consequente aumento da mortalidade.

Avaliação da doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica em mulheres na pós-menopausa / Evalution of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in menopausal women

Avaliar a ocorrência e os fatores de risco da doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA) em mulheres na pós-menopausa. Estudo clínico, transversal, envolvendo 188 mulheres na pós-menopausa (idade ≥ 45 anos e amenorréia ≥ 12 meses) acompanhadas em Ambulatório de Especialidades de Belo Horizonte de janeiro de 2011 a agosto de 2012. Critérios de não inclusão foram: doença hepática (hepatites B e C, doença colestática, insuficiência hepática e tumor); uso de drogas que afetam o metabolismo hepático; etilistas; antecedente de HIV ou câncer; e obesidade mórbida. A DHGNA foi diagnosticada por meio da ultrassonografia abdominal. Foram realizadas avaliações clínicas, antropométricas (índice de massa corpórea, IMC e circunferência da cintura, CC) e bioquímicas. Para análise estatística foram empregados os testes de t-student, distribuição Gama, Qui-Quadrado, regressão logística (odds ratio- OR). Das pacientes incluídas no presente estudo, 38,8% (73/188) apresentaram diagnóstico de esteatose hepática, sendo considerada leve em 45,2% (33/73) das pacientes, moderada em 42,5% (31/73) e, grave em 12,3% (9/73). As mulheres com DHGNA apresentaram valores pressóricos e CC elevados, e o IMC compatível com obesidade (31.5±4.5kg/m2) (p<0.05). Assim como, os valores médios de LDL, triglicerídeos, glicemia, insulina, ALT/TGP foram significativamente superiores as mulheres sem esteatose (controle) (p<0,05). Os valores médios do HOMA-IR indicaram resistência à insulina apenas no grupo com a DHGNA (6.1±4.6 vs 2.4±1.4 no controle; p<0.05). Encontrou-se diferença quanto à presença de síndrome metabólica (SM), detectada em 93.1% das mulheres com DHGNA e em 46.1% no controle (p<0.05)...

To evaluate the prevalence and the risk factors of the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in Brazilian postmenopausal women. In this cross-sectional study, 188 women (age ≥45 years and amenorrhea ≥ 12 months) followed the Belo Horizonte Specialty Clinic from January 2011 to August 2012, were included. Exclusion criteria were: liver disease (hepatitis B and C, cholestatic disease, liver insufficiency and tumor), use of drugs that affect the liver metabolism; alcoholics; HIV or cancer history; and morbid obesity. NAFLD was diagnosed by abdominal ultrasound. Clinic, anthropometric (body mass index, BMI and waist circumference, WC) and biochemical variables were measured. The student t-test, Gamma distribution, Chisquare test and logistic regression (odds ratio-OR) were used for the statistic analysis. Of the 188 women, 38.8% had NAFLD. In 45.2% (33/73) of those patients, the steatosis was considered mild, in 42.5% (31/73) moderate and severe in 12.3% (9/73). Blood pressure, WC, BMI, LDL, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, alanine aminotransferase (AST) were significantly higher in NAFLD patients when compared without NAFLD women (control group) (p <0.05). The HOMA-IR average values showed insulin resistance only in the NAFLD group (6.1±4.6 vs 2.4±1.4 in control, p<0.05). The metabolic syndrome (MetS) was detected in 93.1% of women with NAFLD, and in 46.1% of control (p<0.05). In multivariate analysis, adjusted for for age and weight, the variables considered at risk for the development of NAFLD were: high WC (OR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01-1.13); plasma insulin (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.05-1.19), HOMA-IR (OR 3.81, 95% CI 2.01-7.13), and presence of MetS (OR 8.68, 95% CI 3.3- 24.1). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease showed high prevalence among Brazilian postmenopausal women...

Hígado graso agudo del embarazo y síndrome HELLP: aspectos diagnósticos y terapéuticos / Acute fatty liver of pregnancy and HELLP syndrome: diagnostic and therapeutic aspects

HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count) and acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP), cause liver dysfunction in the third trimester of pregnancy and determine risk of maternal and fetal mortality. Many maternal complications can occur, including acute renal failure and coagulopathy. Early diagnosis, prompt delivery and adequate supportive care are the key to a good outcome in most of the patients. In some cases, despite an appropriate conventional management, the disease may progress to multiple organ dysfunction, progressive liver insufficiency or severe hepatic complications (subcapsular hematoma, liver rupture), requiring adjunctive medical therapy, such as plasma exchange, surgery or liver transplantation.

El síndrome HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count) y el hígado graso agudo del embarazo (acute fatty liver of pregnancy -AFLP), son causa de disfunción hepática en el tercer trimestre del embarazo y condicionan riesgo de mortalidad materna fetal. Se pueden presentar diversas complicaciones como insuficiencia renal aguda y coagulopatía, entre otras. El diagnóstico oportuno, la interrupción del embarazo y un manejo de sostén adecuado permiten sacar adelante a la mayoría de las pacientes. En algunos casos, a pesar de un manejo convencional adecuado, la enfermedad puede evolucionar con disfunción multiorgánica, insuficiencia hepática progresiva o complicaciones hepáticas graves (hematoma subcapsular, rotura hepática), requiriendo de terapia médica adyuvante, como la plasmaféresis, cirugía o incluso trasplante hepático.

Enfermedad hepática por depósitos grasos. Una perspectiva actual / [Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. A current perspective].

A review about nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is presented, considering the updated aspects related to pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of this medical condition.

Chasing after novel non-invasive markers to identify advanced fibrosis in NAFLD

No abstract available.

The influence of waist circumference on insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in apparently healthy Korean adults

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Waist circumference (WC) is a risk factor for metabolic syndrome and is related to insulin resistance (IR) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The purpose of this study was to determine the association between WC and IR and NAFLD in apparently healthy Korean adults. METHODS: The volunteers included in this cross-sectional study comprised 9,159 adults (5,052 men, 4,107 women) who participated in a comprehensive health checkup program. IR was evaluated by the homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) and was considered to be present when the HOMA-IR score was >2. NAFLD was evaluated by ultrasound examination. Elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was defined as >40 IU/L in men and >35 IU/L in women. Logistic regression was performed to determine the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for NAFLD, IR, and ALT according to categorized levels of WC. RESULTS: NAFLD was found in 2,553 (27.9%) of the participants (82.6% men, 17.4% women), while IR and elevated ALT were found in 17.2% (68.1% men, 31.9% women) and 10% (83% men, 17% women), respectively. After adjusting for confounding factors, the prevalence of NAFLD, IR, and elevated ALT was significantly associated with increases in WC quartile: highest quartile for NAFLD in men, OR=15.539, 95% CI=12.687-19.033; highest quartile for NAFLD in women, OR=48.732, 95% CI=23.918-99.288 (P<0.001); and highest quartile for IR in men, OR=17.576, 95% CI=13.283-23.255; highest quartile for IR in women, OR=11.078, 95% CI=7.813-15.708 (P<0.001); highest quartile for elevated ALT in men, OR=7.952, 95% CI=6.046-10.459; and highest quartile for elevated ALT in women, OR=8.487, 95% CI=4.679-15.395 (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: WC contributes to IR and NAFLD in apparently healthy Korean adults, and thus may be an important factor in the development of IR and NAFLD.

A reduced grade of liver fibros-steatosis after raltegravir, maraviroc and fosamprenavir in an HIV/HCV co-infected patient with chronic hepatitis, cardiomyopathy, intolerance to nelfinavir and a marked increase of serum creatine phosphokinase levels probably related to integrase inhibitor use / Grado reducido de fibroesteatosis tras la administración de raltegravir, maraviroc y fosamprenavir en un paciente co-infectado de VIH/VHC con hepatitis crónica, cardiomiopatía, intolerancia al nelfinavir y un aumento pronunciado de los niveles de creatina fosfoquinasa sérica probablemente debido al uso del inhibidor de la integrasa

The use of new antiretroviral drugs in HIV infection is particularly important in patients with intolerance or resistance to other antiretroviral agents. Raltegravir and maraviroc represent new, important resources in salvage regimens. A reduced grade of liver fibro-steatosis after a combination of raltegravir and maraviroc (second-line) has not been studied and the mechanism by which these new drug classes induced a marked reduction of grade of liver diseases is currently unknown. In the present case report, nested in an ongoing multicentre observational study on the use of new antiretroviral inhibitors in heavy treatment-experienced HIV patients, we evaluated the correlation between a "short therapeutic regimen" raltegravir, maraviroc and fosamprenavir and liver diseases. The aim of this report is to describe the use of a three-drug regimen based on two novel-class antiretroviral agents (raltegravir and maraviroc) plus the protease inhibitor fosamprenavir, in an experienced HIV-infected patient with chronic progressive hepatitis C complicated by liver fibrosis; an overwhelming increased serum creatine kinase level occurred during treatment, and is probably related to integrase inhibitor administration. At present no information is available regarding this correlation.

El uso de nuevos medicamentos antiretrovirales para la infección por VIH es particularmente importante en los pacientes con intolerancia o resistencia a otros agentes antiretrovirales. Raltegravir (RTV) y maraviroc (MRV) representan nuevos e importantes recursos en las terapias de salvamento. Un grado reducido de fibroesteatosis hepática después de una combinación de raltegravir y maraviroc (terapia de segunda línea) no ha sido estudiado, y el mecanismo por el cual estas nuevas clases de droga indujeron una marcada reducción de grado de las enfermedades hepáticas se desconoce hasta el momento. Como parte de la realización en curso de un estudio observacional multicentro acerca del uso de nuevos inhibidores antiretrovirales en pacientes de VIH altamente experimentados en el tratamiento, en el presente reporte de caso se evalúa la correlación entre un "régimen terapéutico corto" (raltegravir, maraviroc y fosamprenavir) y las enfermedades del hígado. El objetivo de este reporte es describir el uso de un régimen de tres medicamentos - basado en dos agentes antiretrovirales de nuevo tipo (raltegravir y maraviroc) además del fosamprenavir inhibidor de la proteasa - en un paciente de VIH experimentado. El paciente también sufre de hepatitis C evolutiva, progresiva, crónica, complicada por fibrosis hepática. Durante el tratamiento, se produjo un aumento extraordinario del nivel de creatina quinasa sérica, el cual probablemente esta relacionado con la administración del inhibidor de la integrasa. Actualmente no hay información disponible con respecto a esta correlación.